New Section¶
World Bank Education Data Analysis¶
Intro to Python¶
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print("World Bank")
print(5)
print(5.5)
print(True)
Loading the Data¶
Data taken from World Bank Repository
Read data into pandas¶
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import pandas as pd
main_data = pd.read_csv("/content/API_4_DS2_en_csv_v2_1741864.csv", skiprows= 4)
main_data.head()
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import pandas as pd
country_data=pd.read_csv("/content/Metadata_Country_API_4_DS2_en_csv_v2_1741864.csv")
country_data.head()
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Exploring the data¶
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main_data.columns
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main_data['Indicator Name'].unique()
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main_data_unem=main_data[main_data['Indicator Name']=='Unemployment, female (% of female labor force) (modeled ILO estimate)']
main_data_unem.head()
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main_data_unem= main_data_unem[['Country Name', 'Country Code','1991', '1992', '1993', '1994', '1995',
'1996', '1997', '1998', '1999', '2000', '2001', '2002', '2003', '2004',
'2005', '2006', '2007', '2008', '2009', '2010', '2011', '2012', '2013',
'2014', '2015', '2016', '2017', '2018', '2019', '2020']]
main_data_unem.head()
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country_data.columns
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Selecting the columns 'Country Code', 'Region', 'IncomeGroup'¶
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country_data.columns
country_data=country_data[['Country Code', 'Region', 'IncomeGroup']]
country_data.head()
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Merging datasets on the common column 'Country Code' for both datasets¶
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merged_data = pd.merge(main_data_unem, country_data, on='Country Code')
merged_data.head()
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Displaying what are the columns of merged_data¶
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merged_data.columns
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Displaying the new dataset merged_data¶
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merged_data=merged_data[['Country Name', 'Country Code', '1991', '1992', '1993', '1994', '1995',
'1996', '1997', '1998', '1999', '2000', '2001', '2002', '2003', '2004',
'2005', '2006', '2007', '2008', '2009', '2010', '2011', '2012', '2013',
'2014', '2015', '2016', '2017', '2018', '2019', '2020', 'Region',
'IncomeGroup']]
merged_data.head()
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isna() function is used to detect missing values. It return a boolean same-sized object indicating if the values are NA. NA values, such as None or numpy.NaN, gets mapped to True values. Everything else gets mapped to False values.¶
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merged_data.isna()
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Adding all the isna() True values it will allow us to see that many of the countries dont have data for specific years.¶
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merged_data.isna().sum().head()
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The shape of merged_data
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merged_data.isna().shape
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All the Nan values are removed with dropna()¶
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merged_data_clean = merged_data.dropna()
merged_data_clean.head()
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This is the new size once the dataset is cleaned up
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merged_data_clean.shape
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Our dataset is cleaned up and grouped by Income Group. For each Income Group, the mean value is calculated¶
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grouped_data_income = merged_data_clean.groupby(['IncomeGroup']).mean()
grouped_data_income
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describe() method is used for calculating some statistical data like percentile, mean and std of the numerical values of the Series or DataFrame¶
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grouped_data_income_describe = merged_data_clean.groupby(['IncomeGroup']).describe()
grouped_data_income_describe
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The transpose() of a matrix is obtained by permuting the rows data to the column and columns data to the rows. If we have an array of shape (X, Y) then the transpose of the array will have the shape (Y, X).¶
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transpose_income_group = grouped_data_income.transpose()
transpose_income_group
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
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transpose_income_group.plot(figsize=(20,10))
plt.title("Mean % Female Unemployment")
plt.xlabel("Year")
plt.ylabel("% UnEmployment")
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grouped_data_region = merged_data_clean.groupby(['Region']).describe()
grouped_data_region = merged_data_clean.groupby(['Region']).mean()
transposed_region = grouped_data_region.transpose()
transposed_region.plot(figsize=(20,10))
plt.title('Mean % Female Unemployment by Region')
plt.xlabel('Year')
plt.ylabel("% UnEmployment")
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ANOVA¶
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import scipy.stats as stats
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merged_data_clean.head()
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Income Groups and the length¶
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income_groups = merged_data_clean['IncomeGroup'].unique()
print(income_groups)
len(income_groups)
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Verification of Number of countries¶
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from IPython.display import display
with pd.option_context('display.max_rows', 299, 'display.max_columns', 40):
display(merged_data_clean) #need display to show all data
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#how many partipant countries
CC_countries = merged_data_clean['Country Code'].unique()
print(CC_countries)
print(len(CC_countries))
From the dataser only 2 columns are selected¶
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CC_IG = merged_data_clean[['Country Code','IncomeGroup']]
print(CC_IG)
print(len(CC_IG))
This is to check the countries are not repited¶
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CC_IG_GP= CC_IG.groupby(['Country Code']).describe()
print(CC_IG_GP)
print(len(CC_IG_GP))
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IG_IG_GP= CC_IG.groupby(['IncomeGroup']).describe()
print(IG_IG_GP)
print(len(IG_IG_GP))
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CC_IG_2019 = merged_data_clean[['Country Code','2019','IncomeGroup']]
print(CC_IG_2019)
print(len(CC_IG_2019))
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import statistics
grouped_data_income = merged_data_clean.groupby(['IncomeGroup']).mean()
grouped_data_income
#grouped_data_income_2019= grouped_data_income(['2019'])
#Data2019=merged_data_clean['2019']
#mode = statistics.mode(transpose_income_group.groupby([]))
#print(mode)
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income_groups
print(income_groups)
income_groups[0]
for income_group in income_groups:
print(income_group)
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income_group_data=[]
for i in range (len(income_groups)):
income_group_data.append(merged_data_clean['2019'][merged_data_clean['IncomeGroup']==income_groups[i]])
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income_group_data
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statistic, pvalue = stats.f_oneway(income_group_data[0],
income_group_data[1],
income_group_data[2],
income_group_data[3])
print("statistic: %s pvalue %s" %(statistic,pvalue))
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regions = merged_data_clean['Region'].unique()
print(regions)
regions_data=[]
for i in range (len(regions)):
regions_data.append(merged_data_clean['2019'][merged_data_clean['Region']==regions[i]])
statistic, pvalue = stats.f_oneway(regions_data[0],
regions_data[1],
regions_data[2],
regions_data[3],regions_data[4],
regions_data[5],regions_data[6])
print("statistic: %s pvalue %s" %(statistic,pvalue))
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fig = plt.figure(figsize=(20,10))
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
ax.set_title("Boxplot of % Female Unemployment by Income Group")
ax.set
ax.boxplot(income_group_data, labels = income_groups, showmeans =True)
plt.xlabel("Country Income Group")
plt.ylabel("% Female Unemployment")
plt.show()
ANOVA Step by Step¶
Defining ANOVA¶
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique that is used to check if the means of two or more groups are significantly different from each other. ANOVA checks the impact of one or more factors by comparing the means of different samples. Analytics Vidhya%20is,the%20means%20of%20different%20samples.&text=Another%20measure%20to%20compare%20the%20samples%20is%20called%20a%20t%2Dtest)
Objective¶
In our case, the impact of the factor Income Group to the different means of the % Female Unemployment will be analysed.
Hypotesis testing in ANOVA:¶
Hypothesis Testing - Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
The null hypothesis in ANOVA is always that there is no difference in means.
H0: mu1=mu2=mu3=mu4
The alternative hypothesis is always that the means are not all equal
H1: means are not all equal
Test Statistic for ANOVA¶
The test statistic for testing H0: μ1 = μ2 = ... = μk is:
And follows the table of calculations:
ANOVA Step By Step¶
Assumptions while calculating test statisitic F:
- Equal variability in the 4 income groups (e.g population variances are equal s1^2 = s2^2 = s3^2= s4^2
Sample Data¶
Groups are the income groups: IG1, IG2, IG3, IG4
Sample Size for each group: n1 =60, n2=29, n3=48,n4=50
Sample mean: mu1, mu2, mu3, mu4
Sample standard deviation: s1,s2,s3,s4
Preparing all sample data (K= number of samples, N=population, degrees of freedom 1 and 2¶
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k=len(pd.unique(merged_data_clean.IncomeGroup))
N=len(merged_data_clean.values)
#Degrees of Freedom Between Treatments
df1= k-1
#Degrees of Freedom within Treatments
df2 = N-k
#Total Degrees of Freedom
dfT=N-1
print(k,N, df1, df2, dfT)
Calculating the populations of each income group and N¶
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n0=merged_data_clean.groupby('IncomeGroup').size()[0]
n1=merged_data_clean.groupby('IncomeGroup').size()[1]
n2=merged_data_clean.groupby('IncomeGroup').size()[2]
n3=merged_data_clean.groupby('IncomeGroup').size()[3]
N=n0+n1+n2+n3
print(n0,n1,n2,n3,n0+n1+n2+n3)
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grandmu=(merged_data_clean['2019'].sum()/N)
print(grandmu)
Sum of Squares Between Samples¶
We start by calculating the Sum of Squares between. Sum of Squares Between is the variability due to interaction between the groups. Sometimes known as the Sum of Squares of the Model.
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print(n0,n1,n2,n3)
merged_data_clean_IG_2019=merged_data_clean[['2019','IncomeGroup']]
IG0=merged_data_clean_IG_2019[merged_data_clean_IG_2019['IncomeGroup']=='High income']
IG1=merged_data_clean_IG_2019[merged_data_clean_IG_2019['IncomeGroup']=='Low income']
IG2=merged_data_clean_IG_2019[merged_data_clean_IG_2019['IncomeGroup']=='Lower middle income']
IG3=merged_data_clean_IG_2019[merged_data_clean_IG_2019['IncomeGroup']=='Upper middle income']
IG0mu_2=((sum(IG0['2019']))/n0)
IG1mu_2=((sum(IG1['2019']))/n1)
IG2mu_2=((sum(IG2['2019']))/n2)
IG3mu_2=((sum(IG3['2019']))/n3)
SSB= n0*(IG0mu_2 -grandmu )**2 + n1*(IG1mu_2-grandmu)**2 + n2*(IG2mu_2-grandmu)**2 + n3*(IG3mu_2-grandmu)**2
SSB
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Mean Square for SSB¶
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MSSB= SSB/df1
MSSB
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How to Calculate the Sum of Squares Within¶
The variability in the data due to differences within each group.
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import statistics
IG0_ss=statistics.pvariance(IG0['2019'])
IG1_ss=statistics.pvariance(IG1['2019'])
IG2_ss=statistics.pvariance(IG2['2019'])
IG3_ss=statistics.pvariance(IG3['2019'])
#this calculation was not included in SSW. it didnt result in an accurate
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def variance(datav, ddof=1):
n = len(datav)
mean = sum(datav) / n
return sum((x - mean) ** 2 for x in datav) / (n - ddof)
IG0_sss=variance(IG0['2019'])
IG1_sss=variance(IG1['2019'])
IG2_sss=variance(IG2['2019'])
IG3_sss=variance(IG3['2019'])
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SSW=(n0-1)*IG0_sss +(n1-1)*IG1_sss +(n2-1)*IG2_sss +(n3-1)*IG3_sss
SSW
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Mean Square for SSW¶
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MSSW = SSW/df2
MSSW
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Calculating the F-value¶
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F=MSSB/MSSW
F
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Calculating p¶
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from scipy import stats
p= stats.f.sf(F,dfT, df2)
p
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Interpretation of F¶
One rejects the the null hypothesis, H0 , if the computed F-static is greater than the critical F-statistic. The critical F-statistic is determined by the degrees of freedom and alpha value. In our case, 1-tailed , alpha= 0,05, dof = 186 so critical F = 2.347
Reject H0 if calulated F-statistics > critical F-statistic: 5.05 > 2.347
We reject the null hypothesis H0 because p<= 0.05
The % of Female Unemployment rate was measured across different income groups.
The purpose of calculating ANOVA was to see if averages of the values of % of Female Unemployment across the different Income Groups were statistically different.
We can now report that Income Group factor greatly alters the average of the % Female Unployment rate for the year 2019.
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!pip install researchpy
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import researchpy as rp
rp.summary_cont(merged_data_clean['2019'])
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rp.summary_cont(merged_data_clean_IG_2019.groupby(merged_data_clean_IG_2019['IncomeGroup']))
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Calculation of Sum of Squares Total¶
Sum of Squares Total will be needed to calculate eta-squared later. This is the total variability in the data:
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SStotal = SSB+SSW
SStotal
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ANOVA with Pingouin¶
Install the library
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#One-Way ANOVA
!pip install pingouin
import pingouin as pg
ANOVA Table to study variability of the data (between and within samples)¶
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aov= pg.anova(dv='2019', between='IncomeGroup',data= merged_data_clean,detailed=True)
aov
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the impact of the factor Region to the different means of the % Female Unemployment
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aov= pg.anova(dv='2019', between='Region',data= merged_data_clean,detailed=True)
aov
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Creating a Worldmap with Folium¶
What follows next is unpivoting the main.data from wide to long format, optionally leaving identifiers set using melt function. One column has all the identifiers that later on, we will be selecting only one identifier % Female Unemployement and only one year 2019 of data from the column 'Year'.
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main_data_m=main_data.melt(id_vars=['Country Code', 'Indicator Name'],value_vars=['1991', '1992', '1993', '1994', '1995',
'1996', '1997', '1998', '1999', '2000', '2001', '2002', '2003', '2004',
'2005', '2006', '2007', '2008', '2009', '2010', '2011', '2012', '2013',
'2014', '2015', '2016', '2017', '2018', '2019', '2020'])
main_data_m.head()
main_data_m= main_data_m.rename(columns={'variable': 'Year'})
main_data_m.head()
main_data_m_clean=main_data_m.dropna()
main_data_m_clean.head()
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import pandas as pd
import folium
import csv
import json
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stage = main_data_m_clean
stage
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main_data_m_clean_year=main_data_m_clean[main_data_m_clean['Year']=='2019']
main_data_m_clean_year_ind=main_data_m_clean_year[main_data_m_clean_year['Indicator Name']=='Unemployment, female (% of female labor force) (modeled ILO estimate)']
main_data_m_clean_year_ind
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data_to_plot = main_data_m_clean_year_ind[['Country Code','value']]
data_to_plot['Country Code'].unique()
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data_to_plot
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hist_indicator = main_data_m_clean_year_ind.iloc[0]['Indicator Name']
hist_indicator
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!wget --quiet https://s3-api.us-geo.objectstorage.softlayer.net/cf-courses-data/CognitiveClass/DV0101EN/labs/Data_Files/world_countries.json
print('GeoJSON file downloaded!')
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wc=r'world_countries.json'
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world1 = folium.Map(location=[0, 0], zoom_start=2)
Choropleth maps bind Pandas Data Frames and json geometries.¶
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world1.choropleth(geo_data =wc ,
data = data_to_plot,
columns =
['Country Code', 'value'],
key_on='feature.id',
fill_color = 'YlOrRd',
fill_opacity =0.8 ,
line_opacity = 0.1,
legend_name ='%Female Unemployment')
world1
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The darker is the color, the higher is the % Unemployment
Tiles will be added to the water to make the map more realistic¶
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world = folium.Map(location=[0, 0], zoom_start=2, tiles = 'stamenwatercolor')
world.choropleth(geo_data =wc ,
data = data_to_plot,
columns =
['Country Code', 'value'],
key_on='feature.id',
fill_color = 'YlOrRd',
fill_opacity =0.8 ,
line_opacity = 0.1,
legend_name ='%Female Unemployment')
world
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A Tile control has been added on the top right of the map.
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worlds = folium.Map(location=[0, 0], zoom_start=2, tiles = 'cartodbpositron')
worlds.choropleth(geo_data =wc ,
data = data_to_plot,
columns =
['Country Code', 'value'],
key_on='feature.id',
fill_color = 'YlOrRd',
fill_opacity =0.8 ,
line_opacity = 0.1,
legend_name ='%Female Unemployment')
folium.TileLayer('Stamen Terrain').add_to(worlds)
folium.TileLayer('Stamen Toner').add_to(worlds)
folium.TileLayer('Stamen Water Color').add_to(worlds)
folium.TileLayer('cartodbpositron').add_to(worlds)
folium.TileLayer('cartodbdark_matter').add_to(worlds)
folium.LayerControl().add_to(worlds)
worlds
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worldss = folium.Map(location = [0,0], zoom_start=2,tiles=None)
folium.TileLayer('CartoDB positron',name="Light Map",control=False).add_to(worldss)
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Change the length of the colorcodes in the color bar
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myscale = (data_to_plot['value'].quantile((0,0.1,0.75,0.9,0.98,1))).tolist()
worldss.choropleth(
geo_data=wc,
name='Choropleth',
data=data_to_plot,
columns=['Country Code','value'],
key_on="feature.id",
fill_color='YlGnBu',
threshold_scale=myscale,
fill_opacity=1,
line_opacity=0.2,
legend_name='% Female Unemployment ',
smooth_factor=0
)
worldss
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Prepare Data Label and Display on Map when Hovering¶
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!pip install geopandas
import geopandas as gpd
import folium
import branca.colormap as cm
wc=r'world_countries.json'
data_url = r'countries.geojson'
data_url = 'https://datahub.io/core/geo-countries/datapackage.json'
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fname =r'world_countries.json'
worldc = gpd.read_file(fname)
worldc.columns
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worldc
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worldc_data=worldc[['id', 'name','geometry']]
worldc_data.head()
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worldc_datar = worldc_data.rename(columns = {'id': 'Country Code'}, inplace = False)
worldc_datar
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data_to_plot
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world_datad=pd.merge(worldc_datar, data_to_plot, on='Country Code')
world_datadc=world_datad[['name','Country Code','geometry','value']]
world_datadc
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world_datado=world_datad[['name','Country Code','geometry', 'value' ]]
world_datado.head()
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world_datado['Country Code'].unique().shape
world_datado.isna().shape
world_datadoo=world_datado.dropna()
world_datadoo['Country Code'].unique().shape
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myscale = (world_datado['value'].quantile((0,0.1,0.75,0.9,0.98,1))).tolist()
worldss = folium.Map(location=[5,5], zoom_start=2,tiles=None, control_scale=True)
folium.TileLayer('CartoDB positron',name="Light Map",control=False).add_to(worldss)
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#makes boundaries plot
Boundaries = folium.GeoJson(
worldc,
style_function = lambda x: {
'color': 'black',
'weight': 1,
"opacity":1,
'fillOpacity': 0,
}).add_to(worldss)
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colormap = cm.linear.YlGnBu_03.to_step(data=world_datado['value'],
method='quant', quantiles=[0,0.1,0.75,0.9,0.98,1])
colormap
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#worldss = folium.Map(location=[5,5], zoom_start=2,tiles=None)
folium.TileLayer('CartoDB positron',name="Light Map",control=False).add_to(worldss)
colormap.caption = "% Female Unemployment"
style_function = lambda x: {'fillColor': colormap(x['properties']['value']),
'color':'#000000',
'fillOpacity': 10,
'weight': 2}
highlight_function = lambda x: {'fillColor': '#000000',
'color':'#000000',
'fillOpacity': 1,
'weight': 1}
NIL = folium.features.GeoJson(
world_datado,
style_function=style_function,
control=False,
highlight_function=highlight_function,
tooltip=folium.features.GeoJsonTooltip(
fields=['name','value'],
aliases=['Country Name: ','% Female Unemployment'],
localize = True,
style=("background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px;")
)
)
worldss.add_child(NIL)
worldss.keep_in_front
#folium.LayerControl().add_to(worldss)
worldss
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folium.TileLayer('CartoDB positron',name="Light Map",control=False).add_to(worldss)
colormap.caption = "% Female Unemployment"
style_function = lambda x: {'fillColor': colormap(x['properties']['value']),
'color':'#000000',
'fillOpacity': 2,
'weight': 1}
highlight_function = lambda x: {'fillColor': '#000000',
'color':'#000000',
'fillOpacity': 1,
'weight': 1}
NIL = folium.features.GeoJson(
world_datado,
style_function=style_function,
control=False,
highlight_function=highlight_function,
tooltip=folium.features.GeoJsonTooltip(
fields=['name','value'],
aliases=['Country Name: ','% Female Unemployment'],
localize = True,
style=("background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 12px; padding: 10px;")
)
)
worldss.add_child(NIL)
worldss.keep_in_front
folium.TileLayer('Stamen Terrain').add_to(worlds)
folium.TileLayer('Stamen Toner').add_to(worlds)
folium.TileLayer('Stamen Water Color').add_to(worlds)
folium.TileLayer('cartodbpositron').add_to(worlds)
folium.TileLayer('cartodbdark_matter').add_to(worlds)
folium.LayerControl().add_to(worldss)
worldss
Out[ ]: